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The liquefaction of the bowel 29 contents leads to an increase in intestinal filling pressure risperdal 2mg overnight delivery. Frangula bark should not be used by children under 10 years of age 34 or by pregnant or nursing mothers cheap risperdal 2 mg with mastercard. Plant Summaries—F ➤ Herb–drug interactions:Because of the loss of calcium, the drug can increase 1 the effects of cardiac glycosides if taken concurrently. In North America, cascara sagrada (Rhamnus purshianus) is more com- 5 monly used in this way. Flavonoids (rutin), fumaric acid, and hydroxycinnamic acid 21 derivatives (caffeoylmalic acid) are also present. Z Allg Med 34 (1985), 1819; Hahn R, 48 Nahrstedt A: High Content of Hydroxycinnamic Acids Esterified with (+)-D- 49 Malic-Acid in the Upper Parts of Fumaria officinalis. Planta Med 59 (1993), 50 Plant Summaries—F 1 189; Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. Clinical 11 studies demonstrated that the herb inhibits platelet aggregation, increases 12 the bleeding and coagulation times, lowers serum lipids in some individu- 13 als, and enhances fibrinolytic activity. Garlic must be crushed to 26 release allicin immediately before it is used in any way. The herb consists of the peeled fresh 3 or dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinalis R. Gingerols, diarylheptanoids (gingerenones A and B), and starch 7 (50%) are also present. It also 10 has known antibacterial, antifungal, molluscacidal, nematocidal, and anti- 11 platelet effects. The majority of clinical trials per- 36 formed showed a benefit for postoperative nausea, motion sickness, and 37 morning sickness, but a few studies showed no effect. In addition, it increases cere- 7 bral tolerance to hypoxia, reduces the age-related reduction of muscarin- 8 ergic choline receptors and α2-adrenoceptors, and increases the hip- 9 pocampal absorption of choline. In animals, bilobalide and ginkgolides 10 were found to improve the flow capacity of the blood by lowering viscosity, 11 inactivating toxic oxygen radicals and improving the circulation in cerebral 12 and peripheral arteries. Clinical, controlled double-blind 15 studies in humans have confirmed the results of animal experiments (gink- 16 go was found to improve the memory capacity and microcirculation and 17 reduce the viscosity of plasma). Several reports have indicated 29 modest benefit in controlled studies for Alzheimer’s and non-Alzheimer’s 30 dementia. Used for 6 to 8 weeks for treatment of vertigo and tinnitus; longer use 40 is only justified if some improvement can be registered. According to some 41 studies use for at least 3 months is necessary for full effect. Also improvement of walking performance in intermittent claudica- 2 tion has been shown. Despite some positive trials, memory enhancement in 3 healthy persons remains controversial. Treatment should not be initiated be- 4 fore consulting a qualified health care provider. Internationale und statis- 11 tische Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter Gesundheitspro- 12 bleme. Urban & Schwarzenberg, München Wien Balti- 13 more 1994; Dingermann T: Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo, 14 Hypericum und Kava-Kava. Metaanalyse von 11 klinischen Studien bei Patienten mit 17 Hirnleistungsstörungen im Alter. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 44 (1994), 18 1005–1013; Joyeux M et al: Comparative antilipoperoxidant, antinecrotic 19 and scavenging properties of terpenes and biflavones from Ginkgo and 20 some flavonoids. Planta Med 61 (1995), 126–129; Kanowski S et al: Proof 21 of efficacy of the ginkgo biloba special extract Egb 761 in outpatients suf- 22 fering from primary degenerative dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi- 23 infarct dementia. Pharmacopsychiatry 4 (1995), 149–158; Pfister-Hotz G: 24 Phytotherapie in der Geriatrie. The use of its leaves and flowers 3 as a remedy for heart disorders dates back to the nineteenth century. These substances effect an increase in cor- 12 onary blood flow and dilate the blood vessels, thereby enhancing myocar- 13 dial circulation and perfusion. The herb has positive inotropic, chronotropic 14 and dromotropic effects, and improves the tolerance to hypoxia. In animal ex- 15 periments, eczema was found to improve after long-term oral administra- 16 tion of the herb. Soak gauze compresses in the infusion and 21 apply to the affected area of the skin. The herb consists of the whole, dried 39 female inflorescences of Humulus lupulus L. In animals, 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol was found to 47 produce lasting, profound anesthetic sleep. The bitter acids in hops have 48 antibacterial/antimycotic action and stimulate the secretion of gastric 49 juices.

Hence discount risperdal 4mg overnight delivery, they enhance the reader’s comprehension by means of simple references to the image purchase 3mg risperdal fast delivery, explaining what cannot be drawn from an in- tuitive mental process. Moreover, a third function of captions identified in our data is anchoring the image to a specific part of the article (captions using title, paragraphs or quotations). To conclude, it is possible to confirm our initial hypothesis that images and captions offer invaluable help in the construction of strate- gies of science popularization even though they have been scarcely considered by the literature. In fact, they provide important cognitive 102 Silvia Cavalieri guidelines, interpretive framework as to how to correctly and effect- ively process the information contained in the whole article. Acknowledgements This research has been carried out in collaboration with Dr Alida Maria Silletti (Università degli studi di Bari “Aldo Moro”) for the collection of the corpus as well as for the analysis of French and Italian data. The Analysis of Popularization Discourse: Con- ceptual Changes and Methodological Evolutions In Kermas, Susan / Christiansen, Thomas (eds) The Popularization of Spe- cialized Discourse and Knowledge across Communities and Cultures. Introduction Recent years have seen a growing interest in the application of pragmatic aspects of communication in the area of research into language disorders. Since the major deficits in pragmatic communication refer to qualitative impairments in social communication, standardized measures may not be appropriate for all racial and ethnic populations: To deny the validity of the notion of culture-specific […] patterns (including ‘Anglo’ cultural patterns) is to place the values of political correctness above the interests of socially disadvantaged individuals and groups. To apply the same criteria to every child would not only be a culturally insensitive choice, but could also result in serious misclassification of symptoms, since the way a child does or does not respond to specific social situations may very well be mediated by cultural factors. Accordingly, the present study intends to address this gap from a broad critical discourse analysis perspective and within the domain of Applied Descriptive Translation Studies (Snell-Hornby 2006). Background Pragmatics plays a critical role in day-to-day communication: speak- ers who cannot adapt language to the needs of interlocutor(s) and/or the context of the situation nor follow socio-culturally shared rules for conversations and storytelling are penalized in conversation (Vaughan 2008). More specifically, the behavioural abilities include turn-taking, reciprocity and topic maintenance in conversation, as well as providing the necessary background information and clarification. The abilities to initiate interactions, maintain eye contact and interpret facial expressions and body language are also important, in addition to sharing skills and sportsmanship. Other crucial socio-cognitive skills include the abilities to make inferences and understand non-literal language, together with the competence to independently analyze social problems and arrive at solution options rapidly, also by envisioning multiple interpretations of situations (Ketelaars 2010). Early diagnosis is thus both difficult and essential since the de- velopment of abnormal language skills in children can be reduced and clinically treated if addressed from the outset; otherwise symptoms may more severely interfere with learning and social interaction. Hence, the need to develop efficient tools, especially for screening the youth population, is increasingly felt, as well as the need to account for the impact of cultural differences in the communicative perfor- mances of the subjects. However, the question of the usability of the same assessment tools across different cultures has not been satisfyingly investigated yet, and the present study attempts to address this challenging issue, which entails taking into account the incidence of lingua-cultural hurdles, in particular in the translational process. From an applied translation studies perspective, an additional difficulty is the lack of consistent terminolo- gy and variability in both criteria and procedures to identify prospec- tive patients. As re- commended by the World Health Organization, the translation/ adaptation of any instrument (either psychological or neurological, or psychiatric) is expected to produce different language versions of 110 Lucia Abbamonte / Flavia Cavaliere the instrument [which] should be equally natural and acceptable and should practically perform in the same way [in the target lingua-cultural contexts]. Our procedure Taking our trajectory from these guidelines, the optimal forward trans- lational procedure we identified was to move along a cline ranging from borrowing to adaptation (i. Translating Tests of Pragmatic Language 111 In any translation project, the initial decision between domesticating and foreignizing strategies affects the whole translation process, leading either to a target text that is easily recognizable and thus readily accessible to the readers, or to a text that constantly reminds them of cultural difference. Viceversa, foreignization is “an ethno-deviant pressure on those (cultural) values to register the linguistic and cultural difference of the foreign text, sending the reader abroad” (Venuti 1995: 20). Accordingly, the translated text does not feign to be an original (as happens with domestication), so that “the crucial role of the source culture is stressed, foreign identity highlighted and the influence of the target culture minimised” (Szarkowska 2005). In brief, translational choices move along the two opposite ends of the domestication-foreignization continuum, according to the intended audience’s needs and identities. In the present case, since both the needs of the test practitioners and the potential end-users’ identities must be kept in full view, domestication has to be the main thrust. Metaphors are both 112 Lucia Abbamonte / Flavia Cavaliere grounded in our bodily experience, or embodied cognition (Varela/ Thompson/Rosch 1991; Pfeifer/Bongard 2006), and imaginatively structured. Indeed, the physical environment, cultural context and communicative situation play a foreground role for a given (sub-)culture or cultural group by permeating general domains of their experience, thus generating cultu- rally-bound ways of conceptualizing experience, which are referred to as ‘cultural conceptualizations’ (Sharifian 2003). A common and feasible taxonomy for classifying culture-bound metaphors can be found in Kövecses’ classification in congruent metaphors, alternative 4 For example, the similarity between the English and Iraqi Arabic metaphorical expressions show that the universality of orientational metaphors (i. The most comprehensive explanation of ‘embodiment’ and ‘embodied mind’ in Cognitive Linguistics can be found in Lakoff/Johnson (1999: 4): “Reason is not disembodied, as the tradition has largely held, but arises from the nature of our brains, bodies, and bodily experience: […] the very structure of reason itself comes from the details of our embodiment. Instead, it is shaped crucially by the peculiarities of our human bodies, by the remarkable details of the neural structure of our brains, and the specifics of our everyday functioning in the world. Translating Tests of Pragmatic Language 113 metaphors and metaphors unique to a given culture (2006:155-158), which are the most challenging for translators, as will be illustrated in our examples. To translate most verbally expressed humour, the abili- ty to switch frames of reference is required, which implies that careful attention must be paid to the ‘cultural turn’ (Attardo 2002; Cavaliere 2008; Bassnett 2014). In particular, the evaluation focuses on the students’ ability to monitor and appraise the effectiveness of the response to resolve the social problem situation. Translating Tests of Pragmatic Language 115 The time needed to administer the test amounts to 60-70 minutes ap- proximately, and the procedure is as follows: each item is slowly read by the counselor/special educator to the perspective patient/student: if s/he does not respond in 15 seconds, the item may be repeated but not altered, nor abbreviated. Linguistic data For some of the items to be effectively translated in a different language, some shifts at the lexical level are required, and different strategies will be necessary, corresponding to higher-lower degrees of complexity. Lexical shifts In the following item, we note that a lexical shift for ‘skateboard’ would not be necessary in current translations, since skateboards can now be found in every Italian playground, and they are designated with the original English term, whereas 20 years ago translators would have used monopattino. Item Stimulus Correct Response Guidelines 9 Picture Book Page 9 – ‘Talking to the The response must indicate that Teacher’ topic maintenance and Matt was telling his teacher a story appropriate topic change are about the beach and a sailboat.

Quality assurance Any device used for radiation detection must be regularly calibrated discount risperdal 3mg with amex, with the calibration traceable to a recognized primary or secondary standard buy risperdal 2mg otc. Any of the types of radiation instruments mentioned above can drift over time to become inaccurate. As far as contamination monitors are concerned, the calibration source must be spread over a known area, and different radionu- clides should be used. Calibration is performed to ensure that the instrument readings are as accurate as possible for the type of instrument concerned. Consistency testing can be performed on a calibrated instrument to check for drift. All that is required is a 137 radiation source that has a reliable output ( Cs for example) and a repro- ducible testing geometry. Radionuclide calibrators (dose calibrators) (a) Choice of instrument Dose calibrators are a special type of ionization chamber for measurement of radionuclide activity in hot laboratories or radiopharmacies. Such a piece of equipment is essential in order to measure the activities of radiopharmaceuticals received, of generator eluates and kits prepared from them and also of syringes containing individual patient injections. A range of designs is available, but measurement is based on ionization of a gas by the radioactive sample, which produces a proportional electric current. They are calibrated for a number of individual radionuclides so that the activity can be measured directly. Alternative models designed for the measurement of beta emitting radionuclides are also available but are less likely to be required. The instrument chosen will be influenced by the range, geometry and activities of the nuclides handled. Recent publications that deal with design, calibration and use of calibrators should be consulted for further information. Consistency testing is useful, particularly when calibration is not easily performed, or can be done only occasionally. The department will need a long lived comparison source such as 137Cs (half-life 30 years). However, the half-life of Co of 271 days means the source will need to be replaced every few years. High voltage checks are necessary to ensure the supply to the ionization chamber is adequate. Background measurements and adjustment to zero ensure that any unnoticed radioactive contamination of the calibrator can be detected so that artefacts can be eliminated from measurements. The accuracy of the instrument should be tested with a reference source of activity whose activity has been certified by an appropriate authority. This same source can be used to test the precision of the instrument by performing at least ten repeated measurements of its activity. The constancy of response can be determined using the comparison source to ensure that the calibration factors used are appropriate and do not vary. The value of a reading on the individual settings should decline according to the half-life of the radionuclide in the comparison source. The linearity of the instrument should be checked by measuring a source 99m of Tc whose initial activity is as high as possible, over a period of several half-lives, in order to check that the response of the instrument is linear over the range of giga- to kilobecquerels. Minimum recommended monitoring equipment From all the monitoring devices described, the minimum requirements for a nuclear medicine department are given below. Radionuclide calibrator A simple device is required with a digital readout and preset settings for common radionuclides. Scintillation counter A simple counter with a single sample well for in vitro tests is required. Scintillation counter A gamma spectroscopy system with a well or cylindrical scintillation detector is required. Zone (area) monitor An ionization chamber, Geiger counter or scintillation counter at a fixed position is required, with either a visual or an audible alarm (or both) at variable preset values. Probes for external organs In vivo counting probe systems are used for measurement of thyroid uptake and kidney function, as well as for other more specialized counting. Whatever the application, however, counting systems have a common specifi- cation: (a) A large volume NaI scintillation detector, typically 5 cm diameter by 5 cm thick, to allow both good sensitivity and high detection efficiency for a range of radionuclide photon energies. The collimator is made of lead or another high density material; it is designed to allow a reasonably sized sensitive area, whilst minimizing inter- ference from other sources of radiation in the body. For measurement of kidney function, the ideal counting system has three probes: one for each kidney plus one to measure the blood and tissue background. When purchasing a probe system, one must ensure that a set of low activity spectrum calibration sources is provided. These are crucial, as they are used to set the single channel spectrum analyser to the required counting energy. The sources should have a relatively long half-life, a distinct photon energy (or energies), and cover the required energy range, usually 60–511 keV. Surgical gamma probes The use of surgical probes for localization of activity which can be traced and surgically excised has been of interest since 1949.