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She also began having difficulty sleeping and was experiencing headaches and fatigue discount valsartan 160 mg on-line, which are often some of the first symptoms of ongoing stress generic valsartan 80mg overnight delivery. All of her medical tests came back normal and I diagnosed her with Irritable Bowel Syndrome. Again, Mika’s body was reacting to the levels of stress in her life and I was forced to just help her treat her symptoms, knowing that until she lowered her stress levels, she was in for more suffering, pain and grief. What’s common to both of these patients and many others, is that their symptoms are really secondary to, or aggravated by, the stress in their lives. If they had been able to understand what their stress levels were doing to their bodies before it made them sick and if they also had some help to then reduce their stress, perhaps I may never have met them at all! Let’s start by taking a look at what both Eastern and Western philosophies have to say about how you create and deal with stress. Rather than seeing them as separate, I have tried to integrate the tools and concepts that I have found to be most useful, regardless of point of origin. This integrative approach merges the best of Eastern and Western philosophy, medicine, and psychology as a means to understand the mind, how each of us creates stress, and how you can best learn to manage and minimize it. What Your Body Has in Mind • 7 Autonomic Physical and Psychological Responses Have you ever had to consciously tell your heart to beat, or your lungs to breathe, in order to make sure that they were doing their jobs? Your heartbeat and breathing are both examples of what scientists call autonomic involuntary behaviours. That’s a fancy way of saying that these biological activities carry on independently, without you having to be actively aware of what’s going on. The same can be said for a lot of the mental activities that carry on in your life. As an example, see if any of the following scenarios are familiar to you: • Have you ever had an experience where you drove from one spot to another and have suddenly realized that you don’t recall driving the last few blocks, or even the whole trip sometimes? Your mind is constantly thinking, evaluating and judging, as well as going over what happened in the past and your plans for the future. It’s what it does naturally, but unlike the moment-to-moment activities of the heart, or the lungs, the automatic thoughts that go through your head are something that can be observed, examined, changed and released. Your thoughts are the product of your experiences, your history, your biology and most importantly, your habits. External events conspire with the internal workings of your mind to create stress. Because your mind has the ability to literally think about itself, you can often find ways in which your habitual patterns of thought are maintaining a stress response. The physical stress response that occurs when your mind perceives a threat is a powerful one. When Larry first lost his job, he thought constantly about how catastrophic this turn of events was. He felt that it was a threat to his financial and social status and potentially a threat to not only his own survival, but also the survival of his family. His body in turn helped him out by releasing adrenaline and cortisol, the body’s alarm bells, as well as other chemicals. These chemicals prepared him to fight or run, as if the origin of the threat were a predatory animal out for his blood. The pupils of his eyes grew bigger and his muscles received more blood in preparation for an immediate action like running or punching, but there was no one to run from and certainly no one to punch! As he continued worrying about his situation, his body could not sustain the initial stress response. His immune system also stopped working very well, so he got every cold and flu bug going around. He was tired all the time, because it’s hard work for the body to stay ready to fight, or run, around the clock. Needless to say, that even when Larry got a new job, he was still worried about making ends meet and his body continued to ‘help him’ by keeping up all the stress responses as best it could, until one by one, his body’s systems and processes began to break down. Larry, of course wasn’t aware of what his body was up to in response to his constant worrying. The body really tries not to bother you with trivial things like the fact that your heart is beating, your food is being digested and your lungs are supplying oxygen one breath at a time, until and unless it really can’t cope What Your Body Has in Mind • 9 anymore. By learning to recognize the early symptoms of too much stress and what both your body and your mind are trying to tell you, you can intervene earlier in the process. I think that you can probably relate to the fact that your life is hectic and often you feel a sense of stress about the events that you encounter. You know that there’s a problem and it would be great if you could have some tools to help you deal with your issues.

You adopted bits and pieces of these belief systems and subsequently shaped what was to become your own unique belief system valsartan 80 mg discount. Most of what comprises your belief system originated in your childhood and came to you via your parents or caregivers valsartan 160mg mastercard. Can you think of a belief that you hold that came to you through your parent(s)/caregivers? Think about whether your own experiences, your friends, or society may have also influenced this belief. Your beliefs are likely shaped, in part, by all of these inputs but most of the groundwork was The Origin of Thoughts • 29 laid when you were very young. Your stories and beliefs are further influenced by habits, contexts, and experiences. You’re constantly shaping your belief system in response to what goes on both around you and in the arena of your mind. Your childhood is a key component in understanding how you created the belief system that leads to your stories. You initially created a belief system early on in your childhood, which was modeled predominantly on your parents’, or caregivers’ ideas. Children adopt their parents’ standards and beliefs in an attempt to deal with the need for safety and love, as well as an understandable fear of abandonment. If they are “good children” by acting in a way such that their parents would approve, then they feel safer and accepted. Remember, that as a child you internalized much of your own parents’ or caregivers’ belief systems. Subsequently, your exposure to friends, extended family, media, society and religious attitudes also worked to shape your belief system. Genetics also contribute to a child’s personality traits and how he or she responds to the world. A child’s personality may be naturally inclined to be open, closed, friendly, suspicious, frightened or exploring. When an internal or external sensation is received, the mind compares it to the internalized belief system and memories of prior exposures to similar sensations. The sensation is rapidly labeled as pleasant, unpleasant, or neutral depending on whether or not it meets the child’s need to feel safe and loved. They arise in response to your belief system whose patterns of thought have likely been in place since your childhood. By adulthood, these stories and their underlying patterns can sometimes do more harm than good by distancing you from the reality of the experience itself. A lot of the really scary things that your stories have to say are simply not true and never come to pass. If you can teach yourself to recognize that fact in the middle of a stressful event, you’ll be in a better position to act instead of simply reacting. Practice In the last chapter you practiced observing your thoughts on a daily basis and in response to a predetermined daily cue. Try to identify the original thought that came into your mind and then see if you can recognize the story that came after. Try to identify the original thought that came into your mind and then make a note of the story that came after. Whenever you go outside, try to really experience the sensations of nature such as the wind blowing, the sound of thunder, or the feel of the rain. Listen to the sounds around you such as traffic, construction noise, voices, or bird song. Then try to refocus on the pure sensation that you’re experiencing and enjoy it for what it is. Sit in a park, or mall, or wherever people pass by and simply observe the story your mind tells about each passing The Origin of Thoughts • 31 individual. Even though you don’t know these people, your mind has created a judgment about them. You’re teaching yourself to recognize your belief system in action and that’s always the first step in de-stressing. There are many human emotions but the five most universally recognized are happiness, sadness, fear, anger and disgust. These sensations consist of things you see, hear, taste, touch, smell, as well as think. Your brain receives these sensations, identifies them and then decides whether or not they are important to your survival. These labels help to inform you as to whether what you are experiencing is perceived to be beneficial, or detrimental, based on your established belief system.

You have the ability at that critical juncture to either go blindly along with whatever your mind says generic valsartan 80mg fast delivery, or to choose a healthier path purchase valsartan 40mg on-line. However, by using mindfulness, at the point of awareness, you could now ask, “What needs to be done now? The significance in calling on this part of your consciousness is that you are choosing to step out of the constant self-referencing of all experience, the self-referencing that leads to your stress and pain. This “stepping out”, will allow you to be with what is, for what it is, rather than having to endure whatever stress and drama you create from it. The last aspect of the process of thought development involves bringing mindfulness to what remains when the clinging goes. At that moment when the identification has passed and before the next sensation arises what do you experience? Bring mindfulness to this moment and experience physically in your body what stillness feels like. You can use this physical memory as an anchor to gauge whether you’re clinging to, or letting go of, what you’re experiencing. What you’re really doing with mindfulness and the other suggestions that you’ve read so far, is discovering how your own mind functions. You have an initial provoking perception, or sensation, but then your mind takes over. You eject the ball into play and then it follows its own course, banking 94 • Mindfulness Medication off one pillar and then the next, until it finally exits. The initial sensation is received by your mind and then it’s shaped by previous memories and beliefs, until a story is created that exits into your consciousness. Thinking is simply a conditioned, automatic process, operating independently of conscious control. Bringing mindfulness to the process of thinking is a wonderful way to get your mind to follow what’s actually happening. It gives you some much-needed distance and stops you from identifying with what’s happening. Mindfulness of the Flow of the Energy of Thoughts When you brought mindfulness to the breath, as you recall, you just followed the breath and its qualities. When a chain of thought arises, step out of the content and just observe and feel the energy of the thoughts, how the intensity changes, how it quickly rises and then fades away and how long it lasts. As you become more experienced in mindfulness, the ability to engage your experience mindfully, without using labeling, will allow you to be present to what is being experienced in its pure form. Mindfulness, without labeling, allows a greater awareness of the ebb and flow of the energy and intensity of your thoughts in their pure form. Once again, this awareness will help you to get some much-needed distance from the thoughts that are the source of your stress. When an emotional episode occurs, see if you can recognize the initial thought or sensation, as opposed to the story and thoughts that came after. See if you can recognize some pivotal choice points between your awareness of what’s happening and your response. When a negative train of thought arises, ask yourself, “What needs to be done now? Your mind starts telling stories and it’s so easy to get carried away, but you need to step back and observe. You’re asking your mind to think about what’s going on from the perspective of an observer rather than as the principal actor. Your response might be “Now anger, now sadness, now pain,” instead of, “I’m angry. As soon as you personalize what’s happening, your stories will quickly multiply along with your 97 98 • Mindfulness Medication negative thoughts. Some mental events do not have a lot of energy behind them and just bringing your awareness to them is enough to allow them to simply fade away. However, there will be lots of experiences that are quite emotionally charged and more effort will be necessary to deal with them. B is for Body and Breath The second principle of mindfulness is to anchor your experience in your body. In grounding your attention in the physical sensations, you’re stepping out of the storyline. You won’t be focusing on statements that include the word “I”, so there won’t be an “I” that is upset anymore. Instead, perhaps there will just be a twisting, squeezing and/or hot sensation that’s being experienced.

Which stationary phase is used for the (immunoturbidimetric inhibition) because both measurement of hemoglobin A1c by high methods are specific for stable Hgb A1C valsartan 160mg mastercard, and do performance liquid chromatography? Normal hemoglobin A has a weak positive charge at an acidic pH and binds weakly to the resin generic valsartan 160 mg without a prescription. Glycated hemoglobin has an even weaker positive charge and is eluted before hemoglobin A. Abnormal hemoglobin molecules S, D, E, and C have a higher positive charge than hemoglobin A and are retained longer on the column. According to American Diabetes Association whole-blood hemolysate, and identify the cause criteria, which result is consistent with a diagnosis and best course of action. Te result is not reportable because labile Chemistry/Evaluate laboratory data to recognize health hemoglobin A1c is present and disease states/Glucose/2 D. Te result is reportable; neither hemoglobin F or C interfere Answers to Questions 15–17 Chemistry/Evaluate laboratory data to recognize problems/Glycated hemoglobin/3 15. Which statement best describes the use of the completely separated from Hgb A and does not 1c Hgb A1C test? Labile hemoglobin is formed initially when the aldehyde of glucose reacts with the N-terminal valine of the β globin chain. This Shiff base is reversible but is converted to Hgb A1c by rearrangement to a ketoamine. A fasting glucose of 126 or higher on two consecutive occasions indicates diabetes. A fasting glucose of 99 mg/dL is considered Peak Calibrated Retention Peak normal. May be used only to monitor persons with type 2 diabetes Chemistry/Correlate clinical and laboratory data/ Glycated hemoglobin/2 210 Chapter 5 | Clinical Chemistry 18. What is the recommended cutoff for the early Answers to Questions 18–21 detection of chronic kidney disease in diabetics using the test for microalbuminuria? The term microalbuminuria is defined as albumin excretion ≥ 30 mg/g creatinine Chemistry/Evaluate laboratory data to recognize health but ≤ 300 mg/g creatinine. The use of the albumin and disease states/Glucose/2 to creatinine ratio is preferred to measures of 19. In addition to measuring blood glucose, Hgb A1c, albumin excretory rate (μg/min) because the latter and microalbumin, which test should be done on is subject to error associated with timed specimen diabetic persons once per year? Estimated glomerular filtration rate have diabetes, it is not sensitive enough to manage Chemistry/Select method/Carbohydrates/2 glucose control on a daily basis, and has been 20. Which testing situation is appropriate for the use replaced by whole-blood glucose monitoring or of point-of-care whole-blood glucose methods? Screening for type 2 diabetes mellitus ketone test is a useful screening test for diabetic and B. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus other forms of ketosis, the plasma β hydroxybutyrate C. Monitoring of blood glucose control in type 1 test should be used to identify and monitor ketosis in and type 2 diabetics diabetic persons. Monitoring diabetics for hyperglycemic Hgb A1c to identify poor control of blood glucose in episodes only the past 2–4 weeks, but has not been recommended for routine use in all diabetic patients. Which of the following is the reference method glucose monitors for establishing a diagnosis of for measuring serum glucose? Glucose dehydrogenase analytical variance is greater and accuracy less than for Chemistry/Select method/Carbohydrates/2 laboratory instruments. Whole blood glucose meters should be used by diabetics and caregivers to monitor glucose control and can detect both hyper- and hypoglycemic states that result from too little or too much insulin replacement. Therefore, postprandial monitoring with such a device is recommended for all persons who receive insulin therapy. Polarographic methods for glucose analysis are Answers to Questions 22–26 based upon which principle of measurement? As the dissolved O2 oxidized decreases, less is reduced at the cathode, resulting in a decrease in current proportional to glucose Chemistry/Apply principles of basic laboratory concentration. It is important that the H2O2 not procedures/Carbohydrates/2 breakdown to re-form O2. In addition to polarography, what other adding molybdate and iodide that react with electrochemical method can be used to H O, forming iodine and water, and by adding 2 2 measure glucose in plasma? Amperometry is impregnated into the membrane covering the Chemistry/Apply principles of basic laboratory electrode. Select the enzyme that is most specific for anode of the electrode, where it is oxidized to O2. D Glucose oxidase is the most specific enzyme reacting characteristics/Biochemical/1 with only β-D-glucose.