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The second leg involved confrming the presence of the species in favourable areas where little sampling had been done slimex 15mg on-line, or where very few individuals might still be left; we should also guarantee the conservation of enough habitat in those areas and others for other lynx populations apart from the known ones to be able to exist in the near future slimex 10 mg line. The third leg referred to artifcial measures to create or consolidate new populations; such measures ranged from the translocation of wild individuals to other areas to captive breeding of animals for later release. I wrote about this at the time, saying We must learn to breed lynx in captivity as a last resort, and there is already a good plan on how to do it. Most of these proposals have been included in the recently adopted Spanish National Strategy for the Recovery of the Iberian Lynx, which Portugal seems to willingly adhere to (it would be good to set up an offcial Iberian Strategy, by the way). Indeed, the Regional Government of Andaluca and the Spanish Ministry of the Environment grabbed the bull by the horns at that point and the ex situ conservation programme that this book is about is now a brilliant reality. The captive breeding programme has done much more than just provide the specimens needed to try to recolonise lost areas and be a safety net to allow us to work with greater confdence on the edge of the abyss. Beyond all this, the captive breeding program, headed by its director, has proven to be the most energetic and transparent driving force of lynx conservation in situ as well. This is worthy of praise (and unanimously praised), but I honestly consider that it is an excessive burden for the ex situ conservation team and the people who head it. They did it because it was necessary and nobody was doing it, because we did not know how to or we simply were not able to. Until very recently, our meetings were held in a desperate mood, with the only objective of preventing the extinction of the species, which was seen as almost inevitable. Almost without noticing, we have recently started to discuss how to ensure that the lynx returns to Portugal and the Spanish regions where the species recently disappeared. The expression Yes we can has become popular after Obama used it and won by a landslide. With the inevitable ups and downs in a world and an economic system that do not inspire optimism, at least for nature conservation, in the case of the lynx we now believe in our own work. Yet, I was saying that the people in charge of the ex situ conservation programme cannot continue to do everything. My feeling today is that the structure upholding the recovery of the Iberian lynx is basically composed of just a few people. They are strong poles, but might break and will eventually break if work is not shared by others. Inevitably, we will sometimes fail; even when good results are obtained, people will sometimes see them as being negative (e. When these diffculties happen, we must be united and have a strong structure that can withstand criticism, possible discouragement and even resignations. Another Spanish poet, Angel Gonzlez, wrote They call you the time to come because you never come, and Tomorrow! If there were ever many lynx, they were hunted for their pelts and their meat; when there were many rabbits, traps and snares were placed to kill the lynx; when the woodland was cleaned it was too clean and used Conserving the Iberian lynx will always be complicated and will require hard work. But we must do it because although today is not as bad as ten years ago, the uncertain tomorrow is still ours. Estamos especialmente agradecidos a los 124 autores y coautores que, con su tiempo y esfuerzo, han preparado captulos para el libro, compartiendo su trabajo y conocimientos para ayudar en la conservacin del lince ibrico. No queremos dejar de mencionar a la Fundacin Biodiversidad representada por su presidente, Josep Puxeu, autor del prlogo de este libro, que supo ver la importancia de este trabajo y agradecer el apoyo incondicional y generoso que nos han brindado durante las diversas fases de preparacin de esta publicacin. Elvira Valbuena y Juan Carlos Gauli merecen mencin especial por su excepcional 523 esfuerzo, profesionalidad, paciencia y dedicacin durante las innumerables revisiones que tuvieron lugar a lo largo de la edicin y maquetacin de este libro. Joe Zammit-Lucia prepar, expresamente para esta publicacin, las fotografas de las cubiertas y de las aperturas de cada seccin donando gentilmente su tiempo y su trabajo. Fernando Martnez ayud a revisar parte de los manuscritos iniciales, Eva Vzquez revis las referencias de cada captulo, Wendy Byrnes tradujo gran parte de los resmenes y pies de las ilustraciones. Josie Dade, Jessica Reeves, Mariella Superina y Roberto Aguilar ayudaron a traducir algunos de los captulos y Richard Smith (Ricky) ley las versiones revisadas de los 32 captulos escritos por autores no angloparlantes para comprobar que los textos editados fuyesen adecuadamente en ingls. Gracias al compromiso de colaboracin entre el Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino y la Consejera de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andaluca, la Cra para la Conservacin del Lince Ibrico es hoy una importante herramienta de apoyo para la recuperacin del lince en la naturaleza. Un total de 58 instituciones (administraciones, organizaciones, fundaciones y otras entidades) han colaborado en la Conservacin Ex situ del Lince Ibrico durante los ltimos cinco aos. Entre ellas, un extenso nmero de profesionales han participado activamente en este Programa. Elvira Rodrguez (ex ministra de Medio Ambiente) y Fuensanta Coves (anterior Consejera de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andaluca) frmaron el convenio que result en el establecimiento del Programa de Conservacin Ex situ. Cristina Narbona (ex ministra de Medio Ambiente) continu su apoyo y propuls el desarrollo de las Jornadas que organiz la Fundacin Biodiversidad y que sirvieron de simiente para la creacin de este libro. En los siguientes prrafos queremos destacar la participacin de muchas de las personas que, con su trabajo dedicado y, en numerosas ocasiones altruista, han colaborado en la Conservacin Ex situ del Lince Ibrico. Si alguno de ellos no se encontrase refejado en estos agradecimientos, pedimos nuestras ms sinceras disculpas por la omisin no intencionada. Y tambin a los que nos quieren poco y critican nuestro trabajo, ya que ellos nos ayudan a reevaluar lo que hacemos y a superarnos cada da. Esperamos que este libro sirva como herramienta de trabajo para conservar especies y como herramienta de ocio e inspiracin para quienes desean disfrutar de las hermosas imgenes, versos y citas que acompaan a los textos.

It establishes and maintains the large variety of chromatin states that coat the entire genome and change in programmed ways during development and cellular differentiation generic 10 mg slimex with mastercard. Of these two modications 15 mg slimex with visa, the molecular and developmental events whereby cytosine methylation is 154 established and maintained are better understood. The density of CpG dinucleotides varies widely in the genome, ranging from ahighof5e10 CpG dinucleotides per 100 base-pairs in CpG islands to nearly zero CpGs per 100 base-pairs in intronic or intergenic regions. Methylation that can be inherited on CpG islands, and the normal very low degree of CpG methylation on most CpG islands is related to high CpG methylation in the adjacent intronic and intergenic regions [3]. The biochemical mechanism to generate fully methylated alleles functions in both male and female germ cells. For some imprinted genes, the paternal allele becomes fully methylated during spermatogenesis, and for the remainder, the maternal allele becomes fully methylated during oogenesis. Rather, they are interpreted in various ways to change genome function, typically by altering transcription efciency in the vicinity of a methylation pattern. The cardinal consequence of this binding is the recruitment of other protein complexes that lead to transcriptional repression [5]. Methylation and 156 acetylation of lysines in the N-terminal tails are the two main core histone modications that affect gene expression. Ordered states of chromatin are not static, but change in a dynamic and highly regulated way. The main role of the multiple regulated chromatin states is the control of gene transcription, either at the level of transcription initiation or elongation. Two types of chromatin regulation are relevant to the neurodevelopmental disorders discussed in this chapter. In turn, reduced dendritic spine plasticity has been suggested to be responsible for cognitive dysfunctions observed in psychotic patients. Taken together, these results suggest that abnormal levels of de novo and maintenance methyltransferases may at least in part explain abnormal neuronal morphology and function in psychotic patients. Mouse studies are important because of the limited human phenotypes associated with mutations in the epigenetic machinery, making the discipline of human genetics less informative in regards to function of methylation mechanisms and epigenetics in general. It is now clear that mutations in components of epigenetic processes produce pleiotropic effects, probably leading most commonly to embryonic lethality rather than a syndrome. Broadly pleiotropic effects can be 158 mitigated by either mosaicism or dominant heterozygous effects. The mouse offers add- itional advantages because of the ability to spatially conne the mutational effect using conditional mutant alleles. The mutations lead to premature degradation of mutant proteins, reduced enzyme activity, and decreased heterochromatin binding during the G2 cell cycle phase resulting in genome-wide hypomethylation and local hypermethylation. The autosomal dominant feature is particularly interesting; the wild-type protein presumably remains in cells, but in the presence of the mutant protein is unable to maintain methylation. Several of the derepressed genes include homeobox genes critical for immune system, brain, and craniofacial development. Rett syndrome is the prototypical neurodevelopmental syndrome with a heritable defect in the epigenetic machinery. A few boys with Rett syndrome have been described, and they typically have more 160 severe disease progression [18]. The specic Mecp2 mutation has some effect on the phenotypic manifestation; mutations in the amino-terminus of the protein correlated with a more severe clinical presentation compared with mutations near the carboxyl-terminus [19]. However, it is the pattern of X inactivation that is most closely asso- ciated with disease severity; those individuals whose neurons show inactivation of X chro- mosomes containing the mutant MeCp2 allele have milder Rett syndrome phenotypes. Even a few healthy female carriers have been identied because a very skewed pattern of X inacti- vation resulted in a high percentage of cells with an inactive mutant MeCp2 allele [20]. Skewed X inactivation is also associated, in a poorly understood way, with familial cases of Rett syndrome. In these familial cases, all the mothers and six out of eight affected girls had a highly skewed pattern of X inactivation and it was the paternal X chromosome that was active. This conclusion is consistent with the aforementioned strong correlation of Rett syndrome phenotype with skewing of X inactivation rather than with specic mutation. Detailed histomorphological analyses of Rett syndrome brains revealed abnormal neuronal morphology but not neuronal death [32]. This work provided a proof of concept that symptoms of the disorder may be reversible in humans. This nding argues that early expression of the gene does not protect against the development of symptoms if the disease gene is later in- activated. Female carriers are intellectually normal and no consistent physical manifestations have been recognized.

Chemical stimuli can increase recent abdominal trauma; known or suspected preg- the sensitivity of these pain receptors purchase slimex 15 mg with mastercard. A thorough history and physical examination is the Broadly speaking cheap slimex 15mg amex, abdominal pain may be pro- first crucial step in the assessment of abdominal pain. Other characteristics include the quality of suprapubic area (below the umbilicus and above the the pain (e. A detailed menstrual history in female may represent acute cholecystitis (inflammation of the patients should also be obtained. Pain in the left upper quadrant The description of the onset of pain distinguishes may be due to impaired blood flow to the spleen or left acute abdominal pain, lasting hours to days, from colon. Pain caused by appendicitis often begins in the chronic pain, occurring over a period of weeks to periumbilical area and then settles in the right lower months. Pain due to disorders involving the kidneys, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, or kidney stones may ovaries, or fallopian tubes is usually perceived on the cause pain that is sudden in onset and reaches peak same side of the abdomen as the affected organ. Acute abdominal pain associated with be seen in urinary tract infections, pelvic inflammatory passing blood either from the upper or lower gastroin- disease, and endometriosis. Diffuse abdominal pain may repre- Chronic abdominal pain occurring over a period of sent infectious peritonitis, appendicitis, inflammatory weeks to months in the absence of any alarm signs or bowel disease, or a perforated duodenal ulcer. Chronic intermittent pain may, tendency for pain to be located at a site remote from the at times, be particularly difficult to diagnose whereas affected organ. For chronic persistent pain usually has an identifiable instance, pain from an inflamed gallbladder may some- cause, such as chronic pancreatitis, disseminated malig- times be perceived in the right shoulder. Pain that is temporally associated role in the physicians evaluation of abdominal pain and with a womans menstrual cycle may be due to is often more informative than laboratory studies. Chronic pain associated clinician assesses the general appearance of the patient with anorexia and weight loss may indicate an underly- along with the vital signs. A history of abdominal pain associated habit, are often precipitated or worsened by stress or with unresponsiveness, shock, or cardiac arrest suggests anxiety. Traditionally, obstruction), whereas hyperactive or high-pitched the abdomen is divided into four parts, referred to as tinkling sounds suggest intestinal obstruction. Guarding 51 Abortion (involuntary abdominal muscular wall contraction) on of other pelvic surgical procedures. The offer a variety of procedures for the diagnosis and treat- abdomen is also examined for the presence of masses as ment of abdominal pain including upper and lower well as liver and spleen findings such as enlargement, endoscopy (insertion of a flexible tube containing a nodularity, or tenderness. In women with lower abdom- camera into the mouth or rectum) of the digestive and inal pain, a pelvic examination should be performed to pancreasbiliary tracts, motility studies, and pH (acid) assess potential uro-gynecological causes. At times, the involvement of an anes- Laboratory and radiologic studies can provide thesiologist or other pain management professional is additional information in making the diagnosis. They are skilled in the management of pain tests ordered should reflect the clinical suspicion. If there appears to be a psy- should be considered in all women of reproductive age chiatric component to abdominal pain, referral to a with lower abdominal pain. Philadelphia: Lippincott, plastic, and vascular lesions, as well as for identifying Williams & Wilkins. Other potential radiologic examinations available, depending Suggested Resources on the clinical circumstances, include angiography, con- U. Medical abor- Obstetrician/gynecologists are skilled in the evalu- tion (abortion induced by the use of medications) has ation of women with a suspected gynecologic cause recently become an option in this country. In most of pain and perform a wide variety of diagnostic and medical abortions, expulsion of the pregnancy occurs at curative procedures such as transvaginal ultrasound, home. About 1% of women require surgical evacuation diagnostic and therapeutic laparoscopy, and a number to complete the process. It is usually a single-step process that requires who are having a medical abortion require an emer- one visit to the practitioner. In early pregnancy (less gency dilation and curettage because of heavy bleed- than 7 weeks), a small flexible plastic cannula (56 mm) ing (1%). Postabortion follow-up with a practitioner is is inserted into the uterus under sterile conditions. In some studies, only half of pain relief is provided by injecting local anesthetic into the women who thought they had aborted actually the cervix and administering intravenous sedation and had done so. This facilitates Misoprostol is the most common medication used the use of a cannula to extract the fetus and placenta at in medical abortion. It causes softening of the cervix and uterine con- increase with gestational age and the use of general tractions, resulting in the termination of a pregnancy. Risks include hemorrhage, infection, and Because misoprostol is potentially teratogenic (it can perforation of the uterus if a surgical instrument slips cause physical malformations of the fetus), a surgical through the uterine wall. Uterine perforation can cause abortion must be performed in the event of a continu- bladder, bowel, or vascular injury necessitating further ing pregnancy. The most common complication is Mifepristone is a progestin-like structure that uterine infection (0. This halts the process of implantation (attach- visits, and there is a potential need for emergency inter- ment of the embryo to the uterine wall). The earlier the gestational age is, the higher the Repeated use of medical termination has not been complete abortion rate.

Kont- tinen (2001) Fatigue and health profle in sicca syndrome of Sjogrens and non-Sjogrens syn- drome origin best slimex 15mg. Shoenfeld (1995) Primary Sjogrens syndrome and primary biliary cirrhosis: diferences and similarities in the autoantibody profle cheap slimex 15 mg without prescription. Hopf (2001) Sensory neuropathy of the trigemi- nal, glossopharyngeal, and vagal nerves in Sjogrens syndrome. Petri (1994) Depressive symptoms in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus: association with central nervous system lupus and Sjogrens syndrome. Feltkamp (1994) Psychiatric symptoms before systemic lupus erythe- matosus is diagnosed. Bombardieri (1994) The European Community Study Group on diagnostic criteria for Sjogrens syndrome. Sensitivity and specifcity of tests for ocular and oral involvement in Sjogrens syndrome. Hermann (2002) Change in fnal diagnosis on second evaluation of labial minor salivary gland biopsies. Moutsopoulos (1999) Malignant lymphoma in primary Sjogrens syndrome: a multicenter, retrospective, clinical study by the European Con- certed Action on Sjogrens Syndrome. Tamaki (1997) Annular erythema associ- ated with lupus erythematosus/Sjogrens syndrome. Humphreys-Beher (1997) Detection of alterations in the levels of neuropeptides and salivary gland responses in the non-obese diabetic mouse model for autoimmune siaload- enitis. Nishioka (1998) Analysis of T cell receptor Vbeta repertoires of an- nular erythema associated with Sjogrens syndrome. Utani (2005) Primary localized cutaneous nodular amyloidosis in a patient with Sjogrens syndrome: a review of the literature. Lindor (1998) Autoimmune conditions associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: response to ursodeoxycholic acid therapy. It presents with a characteristic type of skin lesions which appear as sharply demarcated reddish plaques of variant size covered with intensive silvery scaling. In a signifcant proportion of patients psoriasis also involves the joints, sometimes leading to severe arthritis. In 1801 psoriasis was clearly distinguished from leprosy by Robert Willan (17571812) (Leach and Beckwith, 1999). Since then, pathophysiology and therapy of psoriasis have remained an intellectual challenge. Epidemiology and genetics of psoriasis The true incidence of psoriasis is difcult to determine. Interestingly, these genetic associations are shared between psoriasis and Crohns disease, a chronic immune-mediated infammatory bowel disease (Tsunemi et al. Copy number variations with multiplica- tion of genes coding for proinfammatory anti-microbial peptides may enhance the risk for acquiring psoriasis further (Hollox et al. Recent observations point to a role of gene deletions related to epidermal barrier function (de Cid R et al. It is involved in both, epithelial membrane function and the formation of the im- munologic synapse, and it mediates inhibitory signals during T cell activation (Itoh et al. Unlike type 2 psoriasis, type 1 psoriasis is selec- tively associated with streptococcal throat infection as major environmental trigger of pso- riasis onset (Weisenseel et al. Histopathology The histopathologic picture of psoriasis depends on stage and localisation of the lesion. Early lesions display quite unspecifc changes with dilatation of the papillary capillaries, oedema and a mononuclear infltrate, from which fewer cells exocytose into the lower epi- dermis (Braun-Falco and Christophers, 1974). Only then, epidermal changes develop with parakeratosis (incomplete cornifcation) and disappearance of the granular layer. At this stage the phenomenon of the squirting papillae occurs, with release of neutrophilic gran- ulocytes (Pinkus and Mehregan, 1966) from the dermal capillaries. The fully developed lesions are characterized by acanthosis (thickening of the epider- mis), elongated rete ridges with ofen club-shaped dermal papillae and thinning of the su- prapapillary layers of the epidermis (Fig. Only the intra-epidermal pustules or microab- scesses, however, represent fully pathognomonic features of psoriasis. Tey become pre- dominant in pustular psoriasis, with spongiform macropustules in a degenerated epider- mis (Shelley and Kirschbaum, 1961). Histopathology with acanthosis, parakeratosis, loss of granular cell layer 9 Gene expression analysis Large scale gene expression analysis of afected and unafected psoriatic skin as well as skin from healthy individuals demonstrated that more than 1300 genes are diferentially ex- pressed in psoriatic infammation. Tey refect the diferent compartments involved in the pathogenic cas- cade (Bowcock et al.