Arthritis Australia

By X. Myxir. Miami University of Ohio.

Neoplasms originating from striated or smooth mus- Vascular spaces typically contain blood order 250 mg famciclovir, plasma or cle that are benign or malignant are observed occa- fibrin thrombi cheap 250 mg famciclovir free shipping. Muscle matopoietic precursor cells may be adherent to the neoplasms presumably arise from embryonic rem- endothelium. Generally, smooth muscle neoplasms are often arise in the skin, liver, lungs, spleen, muscle, reported about twice as frequently as striated muscle mesentery, kidney, heart, oviduct, bone or 19,49,74,102,108,127,128,129,143 tumors. Grossly, excised neoplasms appear firm, pink, poorly delineated and unencapsulated. Microscopically, leiomyosarcomas are hypercellular with spindle cells arranged in sheets, interlacing bundles or whorls. Neoplastic myocytes have plump often pleomorphic nuclei, occasional nucleoli and variable amounts of eosinophilic cytoplasm. Rhabdomyoma: Rhabdomyomas are benign neo- plasms of striated muscle and are the rarest muscle neoplasm reported in captive birds. Cytologic aspirates are unrewarding except for pos- sible fragments of striated muscle cells. Histologi- cally, rhabdomyomas are composed of cells ranging from a fibroblast appearance to multinucleated cells. The histologic diagnosis was hemangiosarcoma (courtesy Rhabdomyosarcoma: Rhabdomyosarcomas are of of Jane Turrel). Less fre- quently, neoplasms will arise from other sites such Cytologic aspirates and imprints are sparsely cellu- as the dorsal lumbar musculature. These cells have Cytologic studies of rhabdomyosarcomas have not cigar-shaped nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Anisokaryosis may be prominent Leiomyosarcoma: Leiomyosarcomas are the most with plump oval-to-elongated nuclei. Some elongated common muscle neoplasm reported in captive and or “strap cells” will retain cross striations typical of free-ranging birds. Osseous neoplasms usually arise quent event, but has been documented to involve the from the long bones, while cartilaginous neoplasms liver, spleen, thoracic cavity and bone marrow. Osteomas may and possible matrix material; however, histopathology originate from the cranium, scapula, tarsometatar- is required to determine whether the neoplasm origi- sus, plantar foot pad and elbow joint. They often arise on the plantar frequently than osteomas and usually originate from surface of the foot pad where they may be subjected the proximal or distal portion of long bones including to trauma with subsequent hemorrhage and ulcera- the radius, humerus, femur, tibiotarsus and tar- tion of the overlying epidermis. Variable amounts of sulfated mucopolysaccharide matrix and lacunae Histologically, osteosarcomas are composed of poly- may be observed. Bony trabeculae may be present but disor- Chondrosarcoma: Chondrosarcomas are very rare in ganized. A chondrosarcoma has nective tissue, and myxomatous matrix also may be been reported involving the metatarsal-phalangeal present. The differential diagnosis for in- creased medullary opacity of long bones includes osteopetrosis, polyostotic hyperostosis, metastatic neoplasia, hypertrophic osteopathy and metabolic bone disease. Osteopetrosis: Osteopetrosis is defined as marked subperiosteal proliferation of bone resulting in loss of medullary space, increased bone thickness and de- formity. Osteopetrosis in chickens occurs sporadi- cally and is caused by leukosis/sarcoma virus infec- tion. Depending upon the strain of virus, osteopetrosis may be experimentally induced within one to three months of virus inoculation with a dis- ease frequency of 60-100%. Osteoclast numbers are normal, but a marked was fluid-filled (serosanguinous), and cytologic evaluation of the increase in osteoblastic activity exists. Histologically, the increased medullary density is the result of formation of bone spicules throughout the Neoplasms of the urogenital system are reported marrow cavity. Surveys in budgerigars indicate served in the lung parenchyma of chickens, especially an 11. This condition probably represents abnor- common as ovarian and oviductal neoplasms. This mal embryonic induction of mesenchyme or germ observation may be explained partially by the pres- cells displaced from adjacent bronchi during develop- ence of bilateral testes in the male but only one ment. Histologically, nodules of cartilage or bone are Larger neoplasms may cause abdominal distention present within the pulmonary parenchyma. Some renal, testicu- lar, ovarian and oviductal neoplasms may cause uni- Ectopic pulmonary ossification has been observed in lateral or bilateral leg paresis or paralysis with diffi- an Orange-winged Amazon Parrot and a Senegal 12,51,92 culty or inability to perch. Survey radiographs in both birds detected the nerves of the sacral plexus pass through the mid multifocal opacities throughout the lung fields, sug- portion of the kidney where they are subject to com- gesting deep mycosis or metastatic neoplasia. Lastly, biopsy specimens, however, contained only small foci gonadal neoplasms may be associated with various of osseous tissue within the parenchyma. An initial radiograph (left) indicated osteolysis of the distal femur that was diagnosed as osteomyelitis. A second radiograph (middle) taken seven weeks later indicated increased soft tissue swelling and osteolysis. A third radiograph (right) taken three months after initial presentation indicated a pathologic fracture with marked osteolysis.

Author/Editor (R) | Author Afliation (O) | Title (R) | Type of Medium (R) | Edition (R) | Editor and Other Secondary Authors (O) | Place of Publication (R) | Publisher (R) | Date of Publication (R) | Pagination (O) | Physical Description (O) | Series (O) | Report Number (R) | Contract Number or Grant Number (O) | Language (R) | Notes (O) Author/Editor for Reports (required) General Rules for Author/Editor • List names in the order they appear in the text • Enter surname (family or last name) frst for each author/editor • Capitalize surnames and enter spaces within surnames as they appear in the document cited on the assumption that the author approved the form used purchase famciclovir 250mg on-line. Tis rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications purchase famciclovir 250mg line. Names in non-roman alphabets (Cyrillic, Greek, Arabic, Hebrew, Korean) or character-based languages (Chinese, Japanese). 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Standard report written by the performing organization and published by the sponsoring organization 3. Report with optional limit to the frst three authors (use "et al" or "and others") 398 Citing Medicine 6. Scientifc and Technical Reports 399 Specific Rules for Author Affiliation • E-mail address given • Abbreviations in afliations • Organizational names for afliations not in English • Names for cities and countries not in English • Authors from more than one organization Box 11. If you abbreviate a word in one reference in a list of references, abbreviate the same word in all references. Marubini E, Rebora P, Reina G (Istituto di Statistica Medica e Biometria, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy). Tis rule ignores some conventions used in non-English languages to simplify rules for English-language publications. Moskva becomes Moscow Wien becomes Vienna Italia becomes Italy Box 14 continues on next page... 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A slightly oblique discount famciclovir 250 mg line, rather than ventrodorsal generic 250 mg famciclovir amex, radiograph was made to Latex agglutination and com- better visualize the thoracic mass. An aspergilloma was diagnosed at necropsy (courtesy of plement fixation methods have Marjorie McMillan). Severe dyspnea can also be caused by in- creased abdominal pressure (eg, mass, ascites, hepatomegaly), pneumonia and inhaled foreign bod- ies. Eye lesions, as described in gallinaceous birds, may be caused by hypovitaminosis A. Treatment Treatment of aspergillosis often depends on the loca- tion and extent of the lesion. Resolving advanced cases of aspergillosis is difficult, especially in anatomic areas where surgical removal of affected tissues is not possible. Correction of underlying stress factors is a mandatory component of successful therapy. Surgical debridement of plaques and granu- lomas should be employed when feasible. A severe granu- lomatous sinusitis occurred in an African Grey Par- rot following the accidental use of amphotericin B suspension rather than a solution as a nasal flush. Am- cleansing and disinfection of hatching equipment is photericin B is potentially nephrotoxic. Feed for companion and aviary birds should always be free of fungal growth in order to Flucytosine is also frequently used to treat aspergil- limit exposure to fungal pathogens and mycotoxins losis, especially in combination with amphotericin B (see Chapter 37). The advantage to this drug is that it can mycotin may be effective in reducing aspergillosis in be administered orally; however, bone marrow toxic- susceptible species such as captive penguins and ity has been reported in some cases. Cryptococcosis Some of the azole antifungals have good efficacy Cryptococcus neoformans is an imperfect, sapro- against aspergillosis in mammals and may be admin- phytic yeast that has been reported as a cause of istered orally. Ketoconazole has been used to success- 9,14,43 disease in psittacine birds and pigeons. This transmission and pathogenesis in birds is largely drug preparation has an advantage over other anti- 2,26,42,44,47,53 unknown, but it is isolated frequently from the drop- fungals in having a wide therapeutic index. In gallinaceous birds, cryptococcosis Current information suggests that itraconazole may has been described as a necrotic granulomatous dis- have greater efficacy against Aspergillus spp. An impression smear of any accessible ge- been used in waterfowl, shorebirds, poultry and pen- 15,54 latinous material may reveal the characteristic en- guins without serious side effects. A latex agglutination iting and depression have been reported in an Afri- 38 antibody titer may be elevated in an exposed or can Grey Parrot being treated with itraconazole. Enilconazole also has good efficacy against Central nervous system signs in birds with gelati- Aspergillus sp. Amphotericin B and ketoconazole have been psittacine birds have rarely been documented. Cryptococcosis is a potentially serious of gallinaceous species, and is associated with a zoonosis and may occur when humans inhale dust white crust on the comb and wattles (“fowl favus”) from the dried droppings of pigeons, starlings or (see Color 8). Respiratory signs, encephalitis or meningitis may occur; the outcome is frequently fections is usually made with cytologic evaluation of fatal. Treating cryptococcus cases should be carefully wet mounts or Gram’s-stained smears, culture (ca- considered given the zoonotic potential for this or- nine and feline dermatophyte media for in-hospital ganism. Topical treatment with antifungal creams is recom- mended, with attention to any underlying stress fac- Histoplasmosis tors. Trichophyton gallinae is a zoonotic disease and Histoplasmosis is similar to cryptococcosis in many has been described as a pruritic, scaly lesion of the scalp. Histo- plasma capsulatum is an infectious but not conta- Mucormycosis is a term that includes a variety of gious disease of the reticuloendothelial system. The6 lomas of the gut and ventriculus were found in a organism has been associated with or found in the group of canaries that were being fed sprouted seed; feces of chickens, blackbirds, pigeons and gulls. Surveys of aviary soil are bers of the phycomycetales (zygomycota) can some- needed to determine the incidence of this organism. Granulomatous inflammation involv- Diagnosis of histoplasmosis is based on culture of the ing the liver, myocardium and lung was associated organism (mycelial phase may sometimes be recov- 50 with Trichosporon beigelii. Penicillium griseo- ered on Sabouraud’s agar) and histopathology (peri- fulvum is another rare fungal isolate that caused a odic acid-Schiff, Bauer’s and Gridley stains). Nocardiosis (Nocardia asteroides) involving the lungs and air sacs of two Pesquet Parrots has been reported. It has been docu- Uncommon Fungal Diseases mented in ducks and geese but not in Psittaciformes or Passeriformes. It also occurs in man and the dog, and in most species it can take the form of an erythe- matous nasal polyp. Mycetomas in are of some interest to the avian practitioner because man are eruptions of the extremities that usually of their role in skin and feather abnormalities. Rahway, Merck & Co, 1991, cockatiel nestlings and mucormy- Assoc Avian Vet, 1990, pp 432-459. Vet Med Assoc 181(11):1389-1390, Clinical Avian Medicine and Sur- Today 2(4):202, 1988. Quesenberry K, et al: Roundtable dis- Vet Med Sm Anim Clin 78(2):249- and medicine.