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Management r Early debrillation is the most important treatment ofloxacin 400mg fast delivery, as the longer it is delayed the less likely reversion to Clinical features sinus rhythm is possible buy generic ofloxacin 200 mg online. Patients are usually asymptomatic; however, an irregular pulse is detected on examination. Most commonly every third or fourth atrial Management beat fails to conduct to the ventricle. Ventricular escape may be required either as a temporary measure or beats may be seen. Patients are at risk of progression to third degree heart block, which may present as cardiac syncope. If patients do not return to sinus rhythm or if not associated with myocardial infarction permanent Incidence pacing is indicated. Third degree heart block is complete electrical dissocia- tion of the atria from the ventricles. It may also occur following Cardiac failure, Stokes Adams attacks, asystole, sudden a massive anterior myocardial infarction and is a sign cardiac death. Rare r In acute complete heart block, intravenous isopre- causes include drugs, post-surgery, rheumatic fever naline or a temporary pacing wire may be used. Block of conduction in the left branch of the bundle of r Broad complex disease is due to more distal disease of His, which normally facilitates transmission of impulses the Purkinje system. The pacing thus arises within the to the left ventricle myocardium giving an unreliable 15 40 bpm rate. In the elderly causes include brosis of the central bundle branches (Lenegre s disease). Clinical features Clinical features r Severity of symptoms is dependent on the rate and re- Most patients are asymptomatic but reversed splitting of liability of the ectopic pacemaker, and whether or not the second heart sound may be observed. Symptoms include those of cardiac block the second heart sound is split on expiration, be- failure, dizziness and Stokes Adams attacks (syncopal cause left ventricular conduction delay causes the aortic episodes lasting 5 30 seconds due to failure of ven- valvetocloseafterthepulmonaryvalve. Acute left bundle branch block may be a caused by ischaemic heart disease, brosis of the bundles sign of acute myocardial infarction (see pages 37 39). Acute onset right bundle branch block may be associated with pulmonary embolism or a Complications rightventricular infarct. Clinical features Management Right bundle branch block is asymptomatic and is often Treatment is not necessary. There is widened splitting of the heart sounds with the pulmonary sound occurring later Right bundle branch block than normal. Denition Investigations Block to the right branch of the bundle of His, which The characteristic RsR is seen best in lead V1 and a normally facilitates transmission of impulses to the right late S wave is seen in V6. Aetiology/pathophysiology Right bundle branch block is often due to a congenital abnormality of little signicance, but may be associated Complications withatrialseptaldefects. Management ing in a failure to maintain sufcient cardiac output to Treatment is not necessary. The clinical syndrome of heart failure is characterised by breathlessness, fatigue Prognosis and uid retention. Isolated right bundle branch block, particularly in a young person is generally benign. Concomitant left or Prevalence/incidence severe right axis deviation may indicate block in one of 900,000 cases in the United Kingdom; 1 4 cases per 1000 the fascicles of the left bundle, which can occur as a pre- population per annum. Cardiac failure Aetiology The most common cause of heart failure in the United Heart failure Kingdom is coronary artery disease (65%). Causes in- Denition clude Heart failure is a complex syndrome that can result from r myocardial dysfunction, e. In myocardial dysfunction there is an inability of the normal compensatory mechanisms to maintain cardiac Left-sided heart failure r Causes include myocardial infarction, systemic hyper- output. These mechanisms include r Frank Starling mechanism in which increased tension, aortic stenosis/regurgitation, mitral regurgi- preloadresultsinanincreaseincontractilityandhence tation, cardiomyopathy. It can be acutely Congestive cardiac failure is the term for a combination symptomatic when lying at (orthopnea) or at night of the above, although it is often arbitrarily used for any (paroxysmal nocturnal dysnoea) due to redistribution symptomatic heart failure. Chronic pul- Clinically it is usual to divide cardiac failure into symp- monary oedema results in dilation of the pulmonary toms and signs of left and right ventricular failure, al- veins particularly those draining the upper lobes (up- though it is rare to see isolated right-sided heart failure perlobe vein diversion), pleural effusions and Kerley except in chronic lung disease. Anticoagulation should be con- r Echocardiography is used to assess ventricular func- sidered in atrial brillation or with left ventricular tion. Echocardiographycanalsoshowany patients with severe left ventricular dysfunction sec- underlying valvular lesions as well as demonstrating ondary to ischaemic heart disease. Patientsshouldbeadvisedtostopsmokingandreduce Acute pulmonary oedema alcohol and salt intake. Patients with evidence of Fluidaccumulationwithintheinterstitiallungtissueand uid overload should restrict their uid intake to 1.