Arthritis Australia

M. Nafalem. Paul Quinn College.

He also has been editor in chief of the leading textbooks in pediatric critical care medicine and edited Rogers Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care and Critical Heart Disease in Infants and Children generic strattera 10mg. Maynard Olson is Professor Emeritus of Medicine and Genome Sciences purchase strattera 18 mg with amex, at the University of Washington. His research interests focus on studies of natural genetic variation in both bacteria and humans. This research involves activities in human genetics, genomics, molecular genetics, analytical biochemistry, and computational biology. Olson was involved in shaping scientific policy toward the Human Genome Project, serving on the National Research Council Committee on Mapping and Sequencing the Human Genome, the Program Advisory Committee of the National Center for Human Genome Research Institute. In recognition of his research in genetics and genomics, he received the Genetics Society of America Medal in 1992, the City of Medicine Award in 2000, the Gairdner International Award in 2002, and the Gruber Prize in Genetics in 2007. Charmaine Royal is an Associate Research Professor in the Institute for Genome Sciences & Policy and the Department of African and African American Studies at Duke University. She subsequently completed her postdoctoral training in the Bioethics and Special Populations Research Program at the National Human Genome Research Institute of the National Institutes of Health, and in the Division of Epidemiology and Behavioral Medicine at the Howard University Cancer Center. Royal was Assistant Professor of Pediatrics and Director of the GenEthics Unit in the National Human Genome Center at Howard University. She serves on the: Bioethics Advisory Committee of the March of Dimes Foundation; Social Issues Committee of the American Society of Human Genetics; Editorial Board of the American Journal of Bioethics; and various other professional Committees and boards. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease 90 ethnicity, and identity. Her specific interests include genetic variation and the (re)conceptualization of race, use of race and ancestry in research and clinical practice, gene- environment interactions in health and health disparities, genetic ancestry inference, involvement of historically marginalized and underrepresented groups in genetic and genomic research, and genomics and global health. She has taught, presented, published, and received funding in these and other related areas. A key objective of her research program is to advance a more holistic and ethical approach to understanding and improving human health and well-being through increased integration of genetic and genomic research with behavioral, social science, and humanities research. Yamamoto’s research is focused on signaling and transcriptional regulation by intracellular receptors, which mediate the actions of several classes of essential hormones and cellular signals; he uses both mechanistic and systems approaches to pursue these problems in pure molecules, cells and whole organisms. Yamamoto was a founding editor of Molecular Biology of the Cell, and serves on numerous editorial boards and scientific advisory boards, and national Committees focused on public and scientific policy, public understanding and support of biological research, and science education; he chairs the Coalition for the Life Sciences (formerly the Joint Steering Committee for Public Policy) and for the National Academy of Sciences, he chairs the Board on Life Sciences. Yamamoto was elected as a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1988, the National Academy of Sciences in 1989, the Institute of Medicine in 2003, and as a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Sciences in 2002. Hook-Barnard is a program officer with the Board on Life Sciences of the National Research Council. She came to the National Academies from the National Institutes of Health where she was a Postdoctoral Research Fellow from 2003 to 2008. Her graduate research examined translational regulation and ribosome binding in Escherichia coli. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease ͻͳ she contributes to projects in a variety of topic areas. Much of her current work is related to issues of molecular biology, microbiology, biosecurity and genomics. She was study director for the 2010 report Sequence-Based Classification of Select Agents: A Brighter Line, and continues to direct the U. How would a New Taxonomy of human disease enable more cost effective and rapid development of new, effective and safe drugs in the pharma/biotech setting? How would a New Taxonomy of human disease promote integration of clinical and research cultures in the pharma/biotech industry? How would a New Taxonomy of human disease promote public/private partnerships between industry and academia? What are key factors that would limit the implementation of a New Taxonomy of human disease in the pharma/biotech setting? Such studies involve testing hundreds of thousands of genetic variants called single nucleotide polymorphisms throughout the genome in people with and without a condition of interest. In addition, the consortium includes a focus on social and ethical issues such as privacy, confidentiality, and interactions with the broader community. Data Sharing Guiding Principles: All data sharing will adhere to 1) the terms of consent agreed to by research participants; 2) applicable laws and regulations, and; 3) the principle that individual sites within the network have final authority regarding whether their site’s data will be used or shared, on a per-project basis. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease 100 administered by the National Institutes of Health. In addition each Member agrees to report in writing to the other Members any use or disclosure of any portion of the data of which it becomes aware that is not permitted by this Agreement including disclosures that are required by law. Toward Precision Medicine: Building a Knowledge Network for Biomedical Research and a New Taxonomy of Disease 101 Appendix E: Glossary Biobank – A bank of biological specimens for biomedical research. Biomarker : a characteristic that is objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic intervention. Because of its location, the gene is suspected of causing the disease or other phenotype.

ThomasBuckleyandAlma Gottlieb (Berkeley: University of California Press generic 10mg strattera fast delivery, ) cheap strattera 40 mg mastercard, pp. See also the popular account of Janice Delaney, Mary Jane Lupton and Emily Toth, The Curse: A Cultural History of Menstruation, rev. Note that the ‘‘biblical’’ uses of the term ‘‘flowers’’ that they cite derive from the King James (i. Wood, ‘‘The Doctor’s Dilemma: Sin, Salvation, and the Menstrual Cycle in Medieval Thought,’’ Speculum  (): –; Helen Lemay, trans. Green, ‘‘ ‘Traittié tout de mençonges’: The Secrésdesdames,‘Trotula,’andAttitudesTowardsWomen’sMedicineinFourteenth-and Early Fifteenth-Century France,’’ in Christine de Pizan and the Categories of Difference, ed. One of the few instances where the Plinian tradition encroached upon the Tro- tula’s more positive view of menstruation is a Middle English translation entitled The boke called Trotela. Green, ‘‘A Handlist of Latin and Vernacular Manu- scripts of the So-Called Trotula Texts. Part : The Vernacular Translations and Latin Re-Writings,’’ Scriptorium  (): –, at pp. For an incisive critique of modern assumptions about the Hippocratic ‘‘dis- covery’’ of the disease ‘‘hysteria’’ (advocated particularly by Ilza Veith in Hysteria: The History of a Disease [Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ]), see Helen King, ‘‘Once Upon a Text: Hysteria from Hippocrates,’’ in Hysteria Beyond Freud, ed. AsKingshows,thenoun‘‘hysteria’’wasneverusedbyancient medical writers, nor did any of them conceive of the disease entity of ‘‘uterine suffoca- tion’’ as having anything but a physical, organic cause. Ancient (and for the most part, medieval) concepts of uterine suffocation cannot be subsumed under modern psychi- atric understandings of ‘‘hysteria’’ (a term which, significantly, has now been removed from the psychiatric etiological canon) without violence to the historical notions them- selves. Ann Ellis Hanson, ‘‘Hippocrates: Diseases of Women ,’’ Signs  (): –, at p. Heinrich von Staden, Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (Cam- bridge: Cambridge University Press, ). He allowed use of fragrant substances applied to the nose for uterine prolapse on the belief that they had a relaxing effect; King, Hippocrates’ Woman,p. Aside from two encounters with already decomposed corpses (from which he was able to discern skeletal anatomy only), Galen never dissected humans. Latin text edited byWerner Bernfeld, ‘‘Eine Beschwörung der Gebärmutter aus dem frühen Mittelalter,’’ Kyklos  (): –. For ex- amples from German, see Britta-Juliane Kruse, Verborgene Heilkünste: Geschichte der Frauenmedizin im Spätmittelalter, Quellen und Forschungen zur Literatur- und Kul- turgeschichte,  (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, ), pp. The existence of earlier, similar charms or exorcisms without the Christian elements confirms that these, too, have their source in pagan antiquity. Theseviews were rendered into Latin by Constantine the African with no significant variation; see Green, ‘‘Transmis- sion,’’ p. Jahrhundert, Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, Heft  (Berlin: Emil Ebering, ), p. On Johannes Platearius and his Practica brevis, see Tony Hunt, Anglo-Norman Medicine,  vols. Anothomia Mundini (Pavia, ), as reproduced in Ernest Wickersheimer, Anatomies de Mondino dei Luzzi et de Guido de Vigevano (Paris: E. Sed hoc contingit siue accidit quia ipsa non potens expellerit uapores per partes inferio- Notes to Pages –  res propter aliquam causam mouetur et constringitur in parte inferiori ut expellat ad superiora. Men needed it, too, though the pathological consequences of abstinence were less dire for them. One text, the De passionibus mulierum B, omitted all discussion of general physi- ology and anatomy. The second adaptation, Non omnes quidem, deliberately omitted reference to virginity when it compressed Muscio’s original discussion of sexuality. The salubriousness of virginity was also actively suppressed in two later renderings of the Gynecology, one a late-twelfth-century Hebrew translation and the other a late- thirteenth-century Latin abbreviation called De naturis mulierum. Erler,‘‘EnglishVowedWomenatthe End of the Middle Ages,’’ Mediaeval Studies  (): –. These remedies consist of medicated pessaries intended to cause the corrupted seed to issue forth. Charles Talbot was the first to rec- ognize these figures as referring to the disease of uterine suffocation; see C. Talbot, Medicine in Medieval England (NewYork: Science History Publications, London: Old- bourne, ), pp. My interpretation of these scenes differs from that proposed by Laurinda Dixon, Peril- ous Chastity: Women and Illness in Pre-Enlightenment Art and Medicine (Ithaca, N. Platearius, Practica: ‘‘nisi ex flosculo lane naribus apposito vel ex ampulla vitrea super pectus posita ut dicit Galenus. Luis García-Ballester, Roger French, Jon Arriz- abalaga, and Andrew Cunningham, pp. It empowers individuals with the knowledge and life skills to make effective behavior changes that address the underlying causes of disease. Table 1: Lifestyle Medicine Compared to Other Approaches to Patient Care Type of Practice Features -Emphasis on promoting behavior changes that allow the body to heal itself. Conventional - Emphasis on making a diagnosis and treatment with pharmaceuticals or surgery Medicine1 -Patient is passive recipient of care -Focuses on symptoms or signs of disease not the underlying lifestyle causes.

It has recommended that the United States “take all necessary steps to guarantee the right of everyone to equal treatment before tribunals and all other organs administering justice 40mg strattera amex, including further studies to determine the nature and scope of the problem generic strattera 25 mg free shipping, and the implementation of national strategies or plans of action aimed at the elimination of structural racial discrimination” (United Nations Committee on Elimination of Racial Discrimination 2008, paragraph 20). Laws or practices that harm particular racial groups must be eliminated unless they “are objectively justified by a legitimate aim and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary” (United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination 2008, paragraph 10). The operational and political convenience of making arrests in low-income minority neighborhoods rather than white middle-class ones may be an explanation but certainly not a justification. Even assuming the legitimacy of the goal of protecting minority neighborhoods from addiction and drug gang violence, the means chosen to achieve that goal—massive arrests of low-level offenders and high rates of incarceration—are hardly a proportionate or necessary response. No independent and objective observer believes the United States can arrest and incarcerate its way out of its “drug problem. Subscriber: Univ of Minnesota - Twin Cities; date: 23 October 2013 Race and Drugs Criminology 44:105–37. National Corrections Reporting Program: Most Serious Offense of State Prisoners, by Offense, Admission Type, Age, Sex, Race, and Hispanic Origin, 2009. Imprisoning Communities: How Mass Incarceration Makes Disadvantaged Neighborhoods Worse. The Rest of their Lives: Life Without Parole for Child Offenders in the United States. Subscriber: Univ of Minnesota - Twin Cities; date: 23 October 2013 Race and Drugs Husak, Douglas N. Marijuana Arrest Crusade: Racial Bias and Police Policy in New York City 1997-2007. Racial Disparity in Criminal Court Processing in the United States: Submitted to the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. Black Arrests for Drug Abuse Violations, 1980 to 2009, generated using the Arrest Data Analysis Tool. Subscriber: Univ of Minnesota - Twin Cities; date: 23 October 2013 Race and Drugs Spohn, Cassia, and Jeffrey Spears. Substance Abuse in States and Metropolitan Areas: Model Based Estimates from the 1991-1993 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse. Administration of Justice, Rule of Law, and Democracy: Discrimination in the Criminal Justice System. Notes: (*) Includes some persons of Hispanic origin; however, there are additional persons of Hispanic origin who are new court commitments who were not categorized as to race and who are not included in these figures. Capacity to other ethnic1 disparities is limited by national arrest and imprisonment data, which either do not or only inadequately indicate the ethnicity of those arrested, sentenced, held in prison, and released from prison. Subscriber: Univ of Minnesota - Twin Cities; date: 23 October 2013 Race and Drugs No. Human rights treaties are binding both on the federal and state governments (Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International 2005, p. When scientists began to study addictive behavior in the 1930s, people addicted to drugs were thought to be Fmorally flawed and lacking in willpower. Those views shaped society’s responses to drug abuse, treating it as a moral failing rather than a health problem, which led to an emphasis on punishment rather than prevention and treatment. Today, thanks to science, our views and our responses to addiction and other substance use disorders have changed dramatically. Groundbreaking discoveries about the brain have revolutionized our understanding of compulsive drug use, enabling us to respond effectively to the problem. As a result of scientific research, we know that addiction is a disease that affects both the brain and behavior. We have identified many of the biological and environmental factors and are beginning to search for the genetic variations that contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Scientists use this knowledge to develop effective prevention and treatment approaches that reduce the toll drug abuse takes on individuals, families, and communities. Despite these advances, many people today do not understand why people become addicted to drugs or how drugs change the brain to foster compulsive drug use. This booklet aims to fill that knowledge gap by providing scientific information about the disease of drug addiction, including the many harmful consequences of drug abuse and the basic approaches that have been developed to prevent and treat substance use disorders. Every year, illicit and prescription drugs and alcohol contribute to the 4,5 A death of more than 90,000 Americans, while tobacco is linked to an estimated 480,000 deaths per year. This exposure can slow the child’s intellectual 6 development and affect behavior later in life. They often develop poor social behaviors as a result of their drug abuse, and their work performance and personal relationships suffer. Such conditions harm the well- being and development of children in the home and may set the stage for drug abuse in the next generation.

Only if board and management leadership are intolerant of the excuses for delivering a substandard product to the communities they serve generic 40mg strattera free shipping. Chapter 8 discusses how to anticipate the problems of transforming clinical and management cultures and how hospital managers discount strattera 25 mg fast delivery, boards, and medical staffs can approach this challenge with their eyes open. Trails Other English Speaking Countries in the Use of Electronic Medical Records and Electronic Prescribing. Despite the slings and arrows of man- aged care, physicians are also among the wealthiest professionals in the United States. Wealth and power, however, have not brought physicians the peace or sense of satisfaction one would have hoped. Published reports on physician practices suggest that significant numbers of physicians plan to retire in their 50s, well short of a full professional career. Sadly, given how important their work is, physicians function in an environment of barely contained chaos. Most physicians practice in two places: the hospital (whose troubled information systems were discussed in the previous chapter) and their offices. In the vast majority of cases, there is no functioning information link between these two sites. Moreover, physicians’ offices are awash in paper—patient rec- ords, prescriptions, medical journals, faxes, and telephone messages. Technically sophisticated in their personal and professional lives, 67 physicians have nonetheless lagged in adopting modern information technology to support their practices. The pressures of rising health costs, particularly on private employ- ers, encouraged an increased adoption of managed care. Narrowly construed, managed care involved establishing contractual relation- ships between physicians, hospitals, and other providers and health plans that limited the cost of care to predefined rates. However, more broadly, these contracts gave health insurers the power to review and modify physicians’ treatment plans to ensure that they were medically appropriate (with the goal of minimizing the cost). The advent of managed care contracts massively complicated the business operations of most medical practices. Because there are hundreds of health insurance plans with different cov- erage, review criteria, rates, and administrative procedures, health providers of all stripes found themselves bound like Gulliver by an emerging bureaucratic enterprise whose fundamental economic purpose was hostile to their own. The practical reality of these changes was that physicians could not count on being paid for medical care that cost more than a few hundred dollars without obtaining prior approval from a health plan. Physicians were forced to double or triple their office staffs, in some cases, to manage all these new transactions, which de- pended largely on telephone calls, fax transmittals, and written cor- respondence. The increasingly complex logistics of medical practice claimed an increasing percentage of the physicians’ workday, sub- tracting from time available for patients and family. No one likes having his or her professional judgment or moral commitment ques- tioned. It is not difficult to understand why the diminution of pro- fessional autonomy, incomes, and moral authority that physicians have experienced in the past decade would be unpleasant and stress- ful to them. But the increasing logistical complexity of physician practice has also taken a hidden toll on physicians. It has interfered with their intellectual development and ability to continue growing as professionals. They were the children who took things apart to see how they worked (and often succeeded in putting them back together). Many physicians were fascinated by the scientific portion of their medical training and continue to think of themselves, at least in part, as scientists. As the years in practice mount up and medical practice becomes more routine and repetitive, physicians yearn for new knowledge and ideas. The fact that they find gratifying this yearning increasingly difficult may be as important a contributor to professional burnout as the stress. As the logistical complexity of professional practice has grown and administrative and familial obligations have grown alongside them, many physicians have found it difficult, if not impossible, to keep up with the exciting scientific discoveries taking place not only in their own disciplines but also in the underlying biological science as well. Physicians see tantalizing glimpses of this progress in newspapers and the business and professional press. Unfortunately, however, a monthly hospital-sponsored continuing medical education session and interaction with drug detail persons may be the most important sources of new knowledge for the typical practicing physician. The channels through which knowledge passes to practicing physicians are narrow, convoluted, and inefficient. Physicians have sometimes been blamed for slowing the spread of computerization in healthcare. Alissa Spielberg writes about the physician reaction to the telephone, a technology that unquestionably transformed medical practice: From its inception, the telephone engendered [physician] con- cerns about privacy and security. Its intrusiveness into daily living and personal space made the telephone particularly vexing to early users who complained about solicitations, eavesdroppers, and even “wire transmitted germs”.